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From our smartphones to our social media, artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms are becoming ubiquitous in our everyday lives. However, the conveniences that they bring come alongside many potential social and political harms. It is imperative that members of the public develop data ethics literacy to interpret AI’s harms and benefits daily. The immersive and transformative nature of games may enable a wide range of people to explore complex ethical concepts in AI and data science through the lens of speculative design. In this project, we focus on the learning process of a diverse group of students from two universities as they embark upon a process of game design to teach ethical thinking in data science/AI. Through qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews, we apply a speculative game design framework to identify aspects that aid student learning. 

Due to the rapid mutation of pathogenic microorganisms, drug-resistant superbugs have evolved. Antimicrobial-resistant germs may share their resistance genes with other germs, making them untreatable. The search for more combative antibiotic compounds has led researchers to explore metal-based strategies centered on perturbing the bioavailability of essential metals in microbes and examining the therapeutic potential of metal complexes. Given the limited knowledge on the application of titanium(IV), in this work, eight Ti(IV) complexes and some of their corresponding ligands were screened by the Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery for antimicrobial activity. The compounds were selected for evaluation because of their low cytotoxic/antiproliferative behavior against a human non-cancer cell line. At pH 7.4, these compounds vary in terms of their solution stability and ligand exchange lability; therefore, an assessment of their solution behavior provides some insight regarding the importance of the identity of the metal compound to the antimicrobial therapeutic potential. Only one compound, Ti(deferasirox)2, exhibited promising inhibitory activity against the Gram-positive bacteria methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and minimal toxicity against human cells. The ability of this compound to undergo transmetalation with labile Fe(III) sources and, as a consequence, inhibit Fe bioavailability and ribonucleotide reductase is evaluated as a possible mechanism for its antibiotic effect. 

The heme protein cytochrome c (Cyt c) plays pivotal roles in cellular life and death processes. In the respiratory chain of mitochondria, it serves as an electron transfer protein, contributing to the proliferation of healthy cells. In the cell cytoplasm, it activates intrinsic apoptosis to terminate damaged cells. Insight into these mechanisms and the associated physicochemical properties and biomolecular interactions of Cyt c informs on the anticancer therapeutic potential of the protein, especially in its ability to subvert the current limitations of small molecule-based chemotherapy. In this review, we explore the development of Cyt c as an anticancer drug by identifying cancer types that would be receptive to the cytotoxicity of the protein and factors that can be finetuned to enhance its apoptotic potency. To this end, some information is obtained by characterizing known drugs that operate, in part, by triggering Cyt c induced apoptosis. The application of different smart drug delivery systems is surveyed to highlight important features for maintaining Cyt c stability and activity and improving its specificity for cancer cells and high drug payload release while recognizing the continuing limitations. This work serves to elucidate on the optimization of the strategies to translate Cyt c to the clinical market.